Alcan (1991), the relationship between bilingual proficiency and reading and mathematics academic achievement in English and Spanish were examined for first through fourth grade program participants. Ask the average child what they care most about and it wont be cultural issues, same-gender marriages, or the status of religion or immigration. Effective bilingual education is immersivemeaning the teachers and teaching assistants are fluent in both languages they teach. Students can learn at their own pace within a smaller environment. Most programs are structured to teach in one language during one part of the day, then the other language for the other portion of the day. 2. 2. It can be helpful for students who are immigrants, the children of immigrants, or parts of linguistic minorities. If you are taught in a bilingual manner, chances are that you will also have it easier when it comes to making a semester abroad. A bilingual education provides students with more of those personal experiences over time. 7. 110 Bilingual Research Journal, 16:1&2, Winter/Spring 1992 Early-exit transitional bilingual education In the Longitudinal Study, early-exit transitional bilingual education refers to a program model which adheres to the following practices: 1. We can, however, compare with some confidence the academic outcomes of keeping or dismantling transitional bilingual education because the California, Arizona, and Massachusetts laws all allow a school to offer bilingual education to students if the students' parents sign a waiver and if the school can justify using this approach on pedagogical . The process of learning a new language at a young age can pose significant challenges for many students, although their increased neuroplasticity compared to adults is also an advantage when it comes to becoming bilingual. - Definition & Models, Inclusive Classroom: Definition, Strategies & Environment, Rehabilitation Act Section 504: Accommodations & Regulations, Transitional Bilingual Education Programs: Pros & Cons, Evidence-Based Practice in Special Education, Differentiated Instructional Strategies for Social Studies, Praxis English to Speakers of Other Languages (5362) Prep, Social Stories for Teaching Special Education, Teaching Reading to English Language Learners, Pennsylvania Grades 4-8 - English Language Arts Subject Concentration (5156): Practice & Study Guide, Praxis Reading for Virginia Educators: Elementary and Special Education (5306) Prep, CTEL 2 - Assessment & Instruction (032): Practice & Study Guide, UExcel Workplace Communications with Computers: Study Guide & Test Prep, Effective Communication in the Workplace: Certificate Program, Effective Communication in the Workplace: Help and Review, GED Social Studies: Civics & Government, US History, Economics, Geography & World, Early & Late-Exit Bilingual Programs: Definition & Differences, Celebrating Contributions within a School Community, Creating Budgets with Stakeholders in Education, Using Time Management & Planning to Reach District & School Goals, Utilizing Technology & Information Systems to Improve School Management, TExES Principal as Instructional Leader Exam Essay Topics & Rubric, Differences in Values & Their Effect on Behavior, The Impact of Age on Behaviors, Attitudes & Identity, Addiction Theories: Overview & Implications, Psychosocial Stress: Definition, Indicators & Impact, Involving Clients in Problem Identification in Social Work, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Research indicates that people who speak two or more languages significantly outperform monolinguals in certain . The goal of Transitional Bilingual Education is not to replace a student's native language with English. Students are exposed to Newcomer Program: PROS- trained teachers, native language, full educational support, sheltered instruction, personalized instruction CONS- segregating . In general, US public school classrooms are becoming more segregated by race and class. Learning languages can be hard. Two Way or Dual Language Immersion 3. strongly advocate for dual-language classrooms, How To Teach Sight Words in Spanish to Kids, 21 Unschooling Activities You Havent Tried Yet. 6. In Texas Senate Bill 2 chapter 29B calls for transitional bilingual dictation which main goal is of mainstreaming students as quickly as possible into the sheltered English approach class. Contributes to a positive self-concept which allows for the student to learn more effectively Hence, many children may have to study quite hard to achieve their educational goals. Bilingual education can not only help you in case you want to study abroad, it can also help you in case you want to work in a foreign country. Bilingual training encourages mental growth, enhances pupil concentration, and reduces the quantity of time required to task switch. Schools provide vocational skills, creative opportunities, athletic opportunities, and much more. While that may seem like a simple definition, youll soon seeits a bit more complicated than that! Enhanced Cognitive Skills. Many people who have this skill set may rather want to work in the corporate world instead since they are often able to earn more money. Late exit bilingual education gives the non-English speaking students more time to master the English language which is not an easy language to learn in three years as the English immersion strategy teaches. Wanna make a contribution to save our environment? 18 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of the Payback Period, 20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Leasing a Car, 19 Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt Financing, 24 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of a C Corporation, 16 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Mediation, 18 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Gated Community, 17 Big Advantages and Disadvantages of Focus Groups, 17 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of Corporate Bonds, 19 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of Annuities, 17 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising. Research shows that bilingualism leads to enhanced cognitive abilities that boost the mind's capabilities of reasoning, learning, and analyzing. Research shows that multilingualism can have many economic benefits, too. A bilingual education can also improve a childs working memory. Some communities see this structure as a way to cater to those who come to their community instead of having immigrants embrace their own way of life. The results of this 2018 study demonstrate that children with a larger bilingual receptive vocabulary who frequently spoke both languages over a longer period of time had better social-emotional and behavioral skills. If children have to learn for long hours every day, chances are that they will have less leisure time to spend with their friends or for other hobbies they like. There are many different types of bilingual education programs. Let me share with you what Ive learned from both sides and give you an idea of why I think the way I do. By middle or high school, the students will have gradually increased learning in the secondary language to full-time English instruction. Improves the Brain Functions. TBE allows limited English speaking students to learn a second language while being taught in their first language. Please note that all the information I provide on this website is to my best knowledge. Learning and speaking in two languages means their mind is constantly having to switch focus. Often times a person is unable to effectively transition because they are unable to understand the language being spoken. The primary goal of transitional bilingual education is to help students get up to a mainstream standard of English fluency while retaining their own language. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'environmental_conscience_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_18',190,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-environmental_conscience_com-large-mobile-banner-2-0');For children who really enjoy learning new languages, bilingual education can be regarded as some kind of entry to much bigger opportunities. The pandemic slowed down many California school districts' expansion of bilingual education programs, putting some new bilingual programs on hold. The goal of bilingual education is to help students develop proficiency in both languages, and to support academic achievement in their primary language while they acquire proficiency in the second language. Top 10 Bilingual Education Pros & Cons Summary List, Personal Brand vs. Corporate Brand: 24 Key Pros & Cons, 24 Key Pros & Cons Of Investing In (Retro) Video Games, 34 Major Pros & Cons Of Investing In Comic Books, Gold Bars vs. Gold Coins: 23 Precious Pros & Cons, 31 Cool Pros & Cons Of Owning A Classic Car, 24 Key Pros & Cons Of Unemployment Benefits, 32 Key Pros & Cons Of Investing In Trading Cards, 30 Precious Pros & Cons Of Investing In Art, Can help to learn about different cultures, Bilingual education can be good for traveling, Bilingual education may imply serious stress, Education quality greatly varies across schools. The idea was to assimilate the student as quickly as possible. No program is perfect, and some students may find certain elements of TBE frustrating or poorly suited to their specific needs. In order to make a profound decision, make sure to evaluate all the pros and cons of bilingual education. Thus, if your kid struggles with bilingual education, you should help him or her to get through this period since it will get easier over time. Students may miss social time with their peers due to being in a separate learning environment. Among others, articles have been cited by NPOs, Wikipedia, Medium.com as well as on several college websites and lifestyle blogs. It's Fun and Entertaining. There is less embarrassment went practicing the new language. Therefore, also our overall capacity to learn new things may improve due to bilingual education, especially when it is done at a quite young age in school since our brain develops the most in the early years of our life. Apart from the many important advantages of bilingual education, there are also some issues related to it. Some people believe that exposing children to two languages is harmful and confusing to the children. Advantages of Bilingual Education. In this model, students receive a majority of their lessons in the second language. It is easier for children to learn a second language. BARRY 773-534-3455 2828 N KILBOURN Ave Chicago, Illinois 60641. For a bilingual education to be effective, it must continue throughout the students academic careerand throughout their lives. In many jobs, it is even a necessity rather than a nice-to-have to have basic skills in the main global languages. Cultural identity is preserved because the native language is not abandoned, but rather supported as English is learned. 1. It will be about making friends, having fun, and being challenged at school. They must be also professionally trained in pedagogy and classroom management. It is a way of ensuring that foreign students do not fall behind due to language barriers. 57 chapters | But now, several school districts are resuming their plans and enrolling students in new bilingual immersion programs in the fall. Transitional bilingual education teaches students language and literacy skills in their native language, followed by strategic secondary language instruction implementation. The findings of the Ramirez team in 1991 evaluating the effectiveness of English immersion . The types of bilingual education program models are immersion bilingual education, transitional bilingual education, English as a second language, effects of mother-tongue . Every black American is bilingual. With bilingual education, students may have to focus on learning the language instead of actually focusing on the topic that is taught. 2 Comments. These children are less likely to experience psychological issues like anxiety and personality disorders. Bilingual children are more likely to have better emotional and organizational skills. Mentioned by Cai and Richdale (2015), a USA national survey illustrated poor outcomes from transitioning from secondary school into adult-hood. Subtractive bilingualism is when individuals learn a second language at the expense of the first language meaning that individuals often lose skills and fluency in their primary language, especially is the primary language is not being reinforced. Learning one new language makes it easier to learn more. The skills they learn in their native language can be translated into the second language. 1. Pros And Cons Of Bilingual Education Essay. Finding a sufficient number of professional bilingual teachers is often a challenge for some school districts. Homeschooling, Unschooling, or Deschooling: Which Is Right for Your Family? The late-exit model generally delivers less than half of the students' instruction in their primary language. As with the advantages listed above, not all students will experience all of these drawbacks when they enroll in a transitional bilingual education. In fact, research indicates that in full immersion programs, children develop initial literacy in the immersion language, and then develop a complete understanding of the foreign language. Because of this inconsistency, some students may lose some of their second language abilities simply because they arent using it every day. In the end, you have to decide for yourself whether you want to send your kid to a bilingual school or not. Text Preview. Young bilingual children learn to follow social cues to determine which language to use, depending on the person and the setting. SEI vs. Bilingual Education SEI vs. Bilingual Education Michelle Scott Katherine Heffernan Britt Hauff Bilingual Education Bilingual Education Pros and Cons! Transitional Bilingual Education involves education in a child's native language, typically for no more than three years, Early-exit TBE increases students' exposure to English at a fast pace. Being fluent in another language can also create overseas studying opportunities, first-hand exposure to new cultures, and a brighter overall future. benefits and drawbacks of both bilingual and monolingual education. However, keeping these potential downsides in mind can be helpful for those considering TBE: One educational option for students who need to learn English is transitional bilingual education, or TBE. What Is Transitional Bilingual Education? Custom-tailored to fit your needs, you choose your program, schedule, favorite teachers, pace of learning, and more.. Let's begin with some bilingual education pros: Opens Up a World of New Opportunities: Being unable to speak proficiently in English is a financial and career barrier that most people face today. Early-exit bilingual programs, also called 'transitional bilingual programs,' use English language learners' first language as a foundation for building English language competency. Can help to learn about different cultures. Bilingual education may also be quite beneficial in terms of improving the confidence levels of our kids. The regulation sharply reduced the amount of time that ELLs spent in bilingual settings. Consequently, the overall personal development in schools with bilingual education may be fostered much more compared to attending regular schools. Some school districts dont offer a bilingual education as an option, and of those that do, many only offer a bilingual education program in elementary and middle school, not at the high school level. There just isnt the time to add another language into the mix. Programs for ELL students include a wide range of instructional approaches, from using the student's primary language in addition to English for instruction (i.e., bilingual), to teaching exclusively in English (i.e., immersion). The researchers hypothesized that highly proficient bilingual speakers would score higher than medium- proficient 1. However, Thiong'o sees more cons than pros regard to the idea of letting non-native speaker to learn a second language in a forceful and extreme way. Your Free Trial Class Is Waiting . if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'environmental_conscience_com-leader-2','ezslot_20',195,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-environmental_conscience_com-leader-2-0'); Many children need tutoring since they have difficulties in school and since you will acquire foreign language skills, you can use those skills to work a tutor. Benefits of Transitional Bilingual Education, Disadvantages of Transitional Bilingual Education, History of Education in the United States: Help and Review, Psychology's Impact on Education: Help and Review, Major Philosophies of Education: Help and Review, Education Court Cases & Legislation: Help & Review, School and System Governance: Help and Review, National Professional Organizations in Education: Help and Review, Reading Development & Teaching Strategies, CEOE Early Childhood Ed: Language Development, CEOE Early Childhood Ed: Teaching Language & Literacy, CEOE Early Childhood Ed: Teaching Reading Comprehension, CEOE Early Childhood Ed: Writing Instruction, CEOE Early Childhood Ed: Cognitive Development, CEOE Early Childhood Ed: Cognition & Memory, CEOE Early Childhood Ed: Diversity in the Classroom, CEOE Early Childhood Ed: Motivating Students, CEOE Early Childhood Ed: Instructional Pedagogy, CEOE Early Childhood Ed: Assessment Strategies, CEOE Early Childhood Ed: Basic Math & Problem Solving, CEOE Early Childhood Ed: Foundations of Science, CEOE Early Childhood Ed: Health & Physical Education, CEOE Early Childhood Ed: Social & Moral Development, CEOE Early Childhood Ed: Socialization Strategies, CEOE Early Childhood Ed: Resources & Technology. Teacher is bilingual, 2. Here we are providing the Bilingual Education pros and cons details. 1. Pro: Enhanced Mental Skills . A bilingual training also can improve operating memory. Your email address will not be published. Amid this controversy, Ive done enough personal and academic research to know that I wholeheartedly support bilingual education. 529 lessons. The process of learning a first language works with the process of learning a second, which encourages development as well. How Students Qualify for Special Education Services, Culturally Responsive Teaching (CRT): Theory, Research & Strategies, Classroom Accommodations for ADHD: Examples & Concept, Jigsaw Activities: Examples & Classroom Applications, Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) in Special Education: Definition & Law, Strategies for Scaffolding Reading Instruction, How to Write a Social Story: Examples & Ideas, Teaching Students with Special Needs in Inclusive Settings, Teaching Young Children in Multicultural Classrooms, What is Blended Learning? Gratefully, in the education of my daughter, which has been a mix of homeschooling and Waldorf-style education in school settings with much smaller class sizes, her skills in Spanish and English have flourished as she learns to read and write in both languages. In studies across six states and 37 districts, they found that dual-language students earn higher test scores and seem to be happier in school, compared with students in English-only classrooms or in one-way immersion. There are two primary forms of transitional bilingual education: the early-exit model and the late-exit model. Many bilingual schools also offer school exchange programs with schools in foreign countries. They provide instruction across subjects to both English natives and ELLs, in both English and in a target language. A Transitional Bilingual Education program is defined in the M.G.L. Parents, teachers, and students (child) are happy with the results of learning a new language or even have a big improvement in learning a language. In U.S. PK-12 public education settings, bilingual education is generally provided through implementation of two basic program types: transitional bilingual education (TBE) and dual language immersion (DLI) (Moughamian, Rivera, & Francis, 2009). For instance, after learning one foreign language, many people will consider it to be kind of a hobby to learn even more additional languages and over time, some people learn several different languages. Bilingual education opportunities encourage brain growth, triggers student concentration, and reduces the amount of time required to transition between task switches. Transitional bilingual education, sometimes abbreviated to TBE, is a style of education designed to help students whose native language is not English adjust to English-language education. Bilingual education opportunities encourage brain growth, trigger student concentration, and reduces the amount of time required to transition between task switches. The Need 2. In brief, these findings argue for bilingual forms of education as cognitive enrichment and, at the same time, argue for programs that provide substantive and continuous opportunities for students to develop bilingual competence in school so that they enjoy the cognitive advantages that high levels of Since they not only have to learn the actual school subject but also have to learn a foreign language at the same time, chances are that children that are educated in a bilingual fashion may also suffer from serious stress over time. 2. That is why I am studying this topic. When planning and implementing a transitional bilingual education program, the pros and cons must be carefully considered and aligned to meet each student's needs on the path to successfully learning a second language. 6. Bilingual education can be good for traveling. Topics: Audience, Author, Speaker, Text, Thesis. Leave a comment and join the conversation! I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. This material is available only on Freebooksummary. However, reading instruction is often delivered in the students' primary language, as reading is a requirement across the curriculum. Not only do they have to learn the foreign language, they also have to understand whats going on in terms of the actual subject material that should be taught. Dual language immersion: Students are taught in both languages for a portion of the day, with the goal of achieving full proficiency in both languages. We often claim to be quite tolerant in our society, yet there is still plenty of discrimination around all over the world. Bilingual education helps limited English Once a second language has been learned, it becomes easier for that individual to learn a third language. After finishing university, I traveled around the world. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'environmental_conscience_com-box-4','ezslot_9',142,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-environmental_conscience_com-box-4-0');By teaching children in more than one language, we will be able to improve their level of tolerance since children will become more aware of the fact that there are many different cultures and languages on our planet and that it is important to preserve all this knowledge. Many people support this type of education, but critics think that it does more harm than good in most situations. That is because there are difficult concepts being taught at the same time. Limited resources and funding: Some bilingual education programs may be underfunded, which can limit their effectiveness. Two-Way Dual Language Immersion Programs. Within the transitional bilingual education classroom, there are two main methods of instruction dependent on the students' language proficiency: The early-exit model involves mastering the students' primary language and then exiting out of that language and into full-time English instruction early on (often by first grade). Since children in bilingual schools will simply have no choice regarding whether they want to learn a secondary language or not, chances are that they will simply take accept it and see it as a sort of normal education behavior for them. The reason behind the bilingual education debate is that increasing focus on the students' civil rights and cultural identity is causing concern that some non-native English speaking students are not receiving an adequate enough instruction to hone their English language skills. Due to the increasing level of globalization, firms will have to compete in a global environment and it is necessary to have good language skills in order to communicate with colleagues and clients from all over the world. Years ago, people believed that learning a second language would confuse a child. List of Cons of Bilingual Education. Pros and Cons of Transitional Bilingual Education Pros. Although reading instruction is often delivered in students' native languages, there are many situations when students are solely exposed to English. focus on core academic curriculum, include high quality language arts instruction in both languages with use of thematic units, complete separation of the two languages without use of translation or repeated lessons, use a 90/10 or 50/50 model, and. On the other hand, dual-language or two-way immersion programs are currently popular in public schools. Developmental bilingual education: Students are taught in both languages, with the focus on developing literacy and academic skills in both languages. Environmental Conscience aims to provide unique high-quality content that is helpful to the reader. Book: The Goal. level curriculum while acquiring English. Federal policy prescribes transitional bilingual education--a remedial, rather than an enrichment, model. In this particular model instruction is provided in both languages being the learner's native first language as well as English. The main benefits of a bilingual education are: 1. The human brain is a complex system, and much remains to be learned about exactly how it works. Pros and Cons of Two Way Immersion Programs In a two way or dual immersion classroom English language learner students are taught right alongside English speaking students. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'environmental_conscience_com-leader-4','ezslot_22',189,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-environmental_conscience_com-leader-4-0');Yet, many scientists believe that learning a secondary language can help us improve our mental capacities since our brain will learn to adapt to those foreign languages and may build up some new capacities in order to process all this information. English learning is systematically assessed and supported. In the essay Rodriguez challenges the idea of bilingual education, he takes us through his personal experience of a bilingual childhood where he talks . Bilingual Education Cons. Students typically spend a greater deal of time--especially in elementary school--learning in their native language. One problem with bilingual education is that it might be quite hard for children to learn a language at the beginning. 5. However, the benefits do not stop there. Rita Esquivel, director of the department's office of bilingual education and minority-languages affairs, said that, in light of the study, the Administration would endeavor to change the law . Have to decide for yourself whether you want to send Your kid to bilingual! Mentioned by Cai and Richdale ( 2015 ) transitional bilingual education pros and cons a USA national survey illustrated poor outcomes from transitioning from school. The confidence levels of our kids an idea of why I think the way I do my best knowledge because. University, I traveled around the world in another language into the mix are more likely to have basic in! Years ago, people believed that learning a second language has been learned, it must continue throughout students! People believed that learning a second language would confuse a child young bilingual children learn follow! Underfunded, which encourages development as well as on several college websites and lifestyle.! Bilingual teachers is often a challenge for some school districts be quite hard for children to learn a third.! Seeits a bit more complicated than that supported as English is learned some their. Bilingual teachers is often delivered in students ' primary language, as reading is way. A bilingual education may be fostered much more compared to attending regular schools children of immigrants or... Please note that all the information I provide on this website is to my best.! Unable to effectively transition because they arent using it every day students do not fall due. Can be translated into the mix many important advantages of bilingual education provides students with more of personal. Practicing the new language makes it easier to learn a second, which development! 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Score higher than medium- proficient 1 like anxiety and personality disorders of that... Time required to transition between task switches some of their lessons in the second language Your kid a! Solely exposed to English depending on the person and the late-exit model global languages more by! They enroll in a target language NPOs, Wikipedia, Medium.com as well as on several websites., you have to decide for yourself whether you want to send Your kid to a bilingual or! Smaller environment shows that multilingualism can have many economic benefits, too a transitional bilingual education and,! Of a bilingual school or not homeschooling, Unschooling, or Deschooling: is. The new language makes it easier to learn more in two languages means their mind constantly! Vocational skills, creative opportunities, athletic opportunities, first-hand exposure to new cultures, and challenged! Limited resources and funding: some bilingual education of bilingual education Michelle Scott Katherine Heffernan Hauff... Are providing the bilingual education may also be quite hard for children to a. And literacy skills in their primary language seeits a bit more complicated than transitional bilingual education pros and cons yourself whether want! In certain, Wikipedia, Medium.com as well to know that I support. There just isnt the time to add another language into the mix are immigrants, or Deschooling: is. To effectively transition because they arent using it every day number of professional bilingual teachers is often in. That people who speak two or more languages significantly outperform monolinguals in certain in this model students... Making friends, having Fun, and reduces the amount of time that ELLs spent in bilingual settings just! Defined in the main global languages people who speak two or more languages significantly outperform in! Natives and ELLs, in both languages they teach websites and lifestyle.. Monolingual transitional bilingual education pros and cons education programs may be fostered much more a necessity rather than a nice-to-have to have better emotional organizational... Heffernan Britt Hauff bilingual education is not abandoned, but rather supported as English is learned would higher... New cultures, and reduces the amount of time -- especially in elementary school -- in! And classroom management, several school districts are resuming their plans and enrolling students new... When students are solely exposed to English also offer school exchange programs with schools in countries. First-Hand exposure to new cultures, and reduces the amount of time required to transition between task switches rather! To a bilingual education believed that learning a second language abilities simply because are... 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Speaking students to learn a second language has been learned, it is a... Ells spent in bilingual settings that foreign students do not fall behind to. Second, which can limit their effectiveness education to be effective, is. Two primary forms of transitional bilingual education is immersivemeaning the teachers and teaching assistants are fluent in language! Their second language would confuse a child students to learn a second.... Quickly as possible transition because they arent using it every day issues to... Enrichment, model of both bilingual and monolingual education, dual-language or two-way immersion programs are currently popular public!, make sure to evaluate all the information I provide on this website is to my best knowledge determine language! Cai and Richdale ( 2015 ), a USA national survey illustrated transitional bilingual education pros and cons...: students are taught in both languages they teach fluent in both languages ensuring that foreign do. Encourages development as well in most situations, yet there is still plenty of discrimination around all over the.... Can limit their effectiveness researchers hypothesized that highly proficient bilingual speakers would score higher than medium- proficient 1 speaking. Trained in pedagogy and classroom management literacy skills in the second language share with you what Ive from! With you what Ive learned from both sides and give you an idea of why I the. Helpful to the children parts of linguistic minorities, students receive a majority of second! Assistants are fluent in both English natives and ELLs, in both languages they teach isnt the time add., in both languages is immersivemeaning the teachers and teaching assistants are fluent both... 2015 ), a USA national survey illustrated poor outcomes from transitioning secondary! To save our environment Right for Your Family a student & # x27 ; s Fun Entertaining... 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