In the first six months infants show the emotions of: Which of the following is a characteristic of reciprocal socialization? How long should they wait before they suspect infertility? When placed in his bed for the night, after a little crying and whimpering, a 20-month-old was overhead saying, "Go sleep, Randy. Kagan studied temperaments in children and believed that the environment wasn't the only influencing factor in the development of children. In the Strange Situation, Latoya basically ignored her mother, was not upset when she left the room, and did not seek her out when she returned. He followed his test subjects from infancy through adulthood, evaluating specific traits at different periods. Behaviorism was popular at the beginning of Kagan's career, but Kagan's research led him to believe that environment wasn't the sole determining factor of a child's personality, and he began to examine the influence of biological factors. The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth. explain the biological reasons that adolescents and young adults frequuently get less sleep than is necessary. The macrosystem is defined as the culture in which an individual lives. Katrina is exhibiting which of the following types of moral reasoning? What percentage of Americans considers themselves to be religious? Oh no! Kagan found that there were two main groups of infants: those who were easily-startled and quick to move at new things, and those who remained calm. According to Erikson, if Lincoln remains in this situation for a long time he will develop: Feelings that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being, are known as: Anthony is just starting to crawl and has taken to following his mother around the house. Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is TRUE? She has a regular routine but can readily adapt to changes. Which of the following statements about prenatal care is TRUE? Sidney is most likely in the ________ month of her pregnancy. A study of mother-infant dyads from age seven months to two years found that maternal sensitivity and autonomy predicted: According to a recent meta-analysis, secure attachment in infancy was linked to: social competence with peers in childhood. Jerome Kagan has shown that this bias of temperament is largely innate and predisposes the infant toward responding differently to novelty. To prevent her body from producing antibodies that will attack any future Rh-incompatible fetuses, her doctor gave her: Before delivery of her baby, Jawhara experiences several traumatic life changes. Which of the following statements regarding first words is NOT correct? Yan Yan is 17, a moderate drinker, and pregnant. A criticism of attachment theory is that: other factors may be more important to an infant's adaptations to life. First, the infant repeats an action that was once associated with a reflex, but is now completely separated from its eliciting stimulus (e.g., sucking when no bottle or nipples are present). Temperament, Anxiety, and Guilt" Jerome Kagan, Ph.D., is Professor of Psychology at Harvard University and Director of Harvard's interdisciplinary Mind, Brain, and Behavior Initiative. According to Jerome Kagan, temperament: results completely from environmental factors such as parenting styles. Children become aware that rules and laws are created by people. Although their level of activity often aggravates their parents, we know that this activity will: help the boys develop gross motor skills. The awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others. (b) Child-centered kindergarten education involves the whole child and includes concern for the child's physical, cognitive, and social development. In Central European countries, such as Hungary, teachers are developing exercises designed to improve: Sanjay and Ryan are 4-year-old friends. Maria carries two genes for brown eyes, and John carries two genes for blue eyes. Researchers call this type of smiling: An inhibited temperament has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT: Which of the following characterizes phase one of Bowlby's model of attachment? Which one of the following is NOT one of those principles? The receiving of information from the surrounding environment is called __________. Editorial Reviews. differences between children who are usually cheerful and those who cry a lot of the time. Janice is playing with her son, Brad, by handing him a toy bear. Authoritarian - Restrictive, Demand Obedience, decribe the social, biological, and economic factors that influence juvenile delinquency. Early childhood education curriculum design is at the center of a controversy between those who believe it should take a constructivist approach, and those who believe in the direct instruction approach. Kai is 2 years old and weighs 30 pounds. The concept of continuity is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: Turner syndrome occurs in approximately ________ live births. Kagan argues that this correlation can be explained by the infant’s innate temperament. Research on peer pressure to conform to traditional gender roles suggests that: Katrina becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game, yelling, "You can't do that! You look at the child and think that he looks normal; then you suddenly remember what you learned in a life-span development class and conclude that the child must have: The ways that words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences in a language. An overwhelming worldwide health concern in the last decade has been death due to: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). REM sleep may promote the brain's development in infancy. When Kagan was reviewing the material collected in childhood and adulthood, he found that the first three years in c… Children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world. One of his arms accidentally hits the mobile hanging above him. Although she would like to be married, there is no special person in her life right now. Which of the following statements about intergenerational relations is TRUE? Cornell is only a few months old, but he is able to use emotions to show when he's interested in something and when he is afraid. Her daughter, Susan, contacts various agencies to line up a home health aid, transportation to medical appointments and Meals-On-Wheels. 1. According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective methods used by parents, which of the following methods did not increase when comparing the ways parents disciplined a one-year-old to that used on a two-year-old? The development of this disorder could be explained by the concept of: Sandra excels in reading and spelling but struggles with mathematics. Which of the following is the BEST description of scaffolding? The model of selective optimization with compensation proposes that successful aging is related to three main factors. 1. The experience of our world as a smooth episode is made possible by: Which of the following statements is TRUE about the hemispheric specialization of speech in the cerebral cortex of the brain? This is an example of: Which of the following statements about child care and socioeconomic status is true? She separates from her husband, discovers that her mother is seriously ill, and begins a more stressful job. They have both agreed that divorce is the best solution for them. Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in: _____ has been the most consistent predictor of a secure attachment. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. The development of _____ helps infants interpret ambiguous situations more accurately, as when they encounter a stranger. She wants to put on her own clothes and shoes, decide just how her toys should be arranged, and even how to pour milk on her cereal. According to Jean Piaget, a scheme that is characterized by the infant attempting to reproduce a bodily event (e.g., kicking own feet) that initially occurred by chance. First, Kagan and Moss (1962) conducted an ex post analysis of data from the Fels Longitudinal Study which comprised about 100 normal subjects followed from early childhood to adulthood. Introduction. One study of two- and three-year-olds revealed that an increase in the number of child-care arrangements the children experienced is linked to a(n): Higher maternal effortful control and positive emotionality has been linked to: an increase in infant smiling and laughter. According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective methods used by parents, the two most common methods parents use for managing and guiding 12-month-old infants' undesirable behaviors are diverting attention and: According to John Bowlby, an infant's internal working model of attachment includes a simple mental model of the caregiver, their relationship, and: A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." Erik Erikson viewed the first year of life as characterized by the _____ stage of development. They tend to show little synchrony when interacting with the children. The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the greatest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working its way down from top to bottom. Myelination is related to a number of abilities in children, including hand-eye coordination. Professor Weinstein is taking a(n): __________ approach. Obviously Ben and his grandmother do not share the same ideas about __________. At what age does separation protest peak? Two primary schemes are apparent. This is an example of _______. Hannah knows that her infant son, William, has a difficult temperament. In general in the United States, African American and Latino family orientations DIFFER from white family orientations in that: the extended family plays a greater role in African American and Latino families. Socialization that is bidirectional; that is, children socialize parents just as parents socialize children. According to Chess and Thomas, Cara would be classified as a(n): Which of the following statements is NOT true of crying? This French obstetrician developed the prepared childbirth method. Lynn Hasher and her colleagues (2001) found that age-related memory differences declined when __________ was taken into consideration. Ben's grandmother gives him a shirt that she knows he has been admiring. She would like to adopt a child. social support, medical technology, cognitive training and support. One of the most common language difficulties that older adults experience is: Which of the following government policies contributed MOST to the increase in the number of Americans who retire? This adaptive interaction demonstrates the role of emotions in: Babies' first forms of emotional communication, particularly with parents, are: Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than scholars previously envisioned. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Cameron as: The view or model that emphasizes the ways development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment is the: Lillian is in those "terrible twos" where she wants to do everything herself. Professor Weinstein teaches his life-span psychology students that each stage of development from birth to old age involves significant changes. They may also have more guilt, more anxiety, and more difficulty coping with life's stressors. According to many developmental psychologists, soothing a crying infant will: help the infant develop a secure attachment to the caregiver. After Sally was born, she was placed into an environment with two parents who smoked. Temperament can be completely altered by the environment. In which of the following situations will nine-month-old Lucy show the LEAST stranger anxiety? Which statement is FALSE regarding temperament? 46. 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