Testimony by Leland Swenson, president of the U.S. National Farmers' Union, before the House Judiciary Committee, September 12, 2000. The identification of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus (referred to by the acronym NPK) as critical factors in plant growth led to the manufacture of synthetic fertilizers, making possible more intensive types of agriculture. industrial agriculture definition in English dictionary, industrial agriculture meaning, synonyms, see also 'industrial action',industrial archaeology',industrial democracy',industrial design'. This paper takes an evolutionary perspective to look at global agriculture as an interlocking system of technologies, belief systems, and institutions that reinforces growth and technological complexity over stability and long-run sustainability. Different interest groups not only reach different conclusions on this, but also recommend differing solutions, which then become factors in changing both market conditions and government regulations.[12][13]. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. One manifestation is ‘community-supported agriculture’ (CSA), in which individuals purchase ‘shares’ in a particular farm's annual crop. Veal crates However, a countercurrent quickly developed, the ‘humus farming’ movement focused on maintaining the humus content of agricultural soils. In the 1930s, 24 percent of the American population worked in agriculture compared to 1.5 percent in 2002; in 1940, each farm worker supplied 11 consumers, whereas in 2002, each worker supplied 90 consumers. To avoid the laborious task of manuring soils to supply nutrients, inorganic fertilizers, such as superphosphates, came into use as early as the 1840s. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) is a practice in which the by-products (wastes) from one species are recycled to become inputs (fertilizers, food) for another. Beginning in the early 1900s and coinciding with the Industrial Revolution, industrial agriculture is the practice of intensive farming of animals and crops. More docile breeds are sought (with natural dominant behaviors bred out for example), physical restraints to stop interaction, such as individual cages for chickens, or animals physically modified, such as the de-beaking of chickens to reduce the harm of fighting. Industrial agriculture is all about controlling nature, curating the land for human use, and choosing which plants are valuable. Denis Avery, "Commencement address," University of California, Berkeley, College of Natural Resources, 2000. Industrial Agriculture . Weight gain is encouraged by the provision of plentiful supplies of food to animals breed for weight gain. Withgott, J., Despite the great wealth of the United States, hunger and malnutrition remain widespread. The impacts of industrial agriculture on invertebrates are more variable compared with vertebrates (Fitzherbert et al., 2008). Advocates of industrial agriculture would say that the technologies of bioengineering, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides can produce more food more cheaply and solve the world’s hunger problems indefinitely. [8] He writes: "For the sake of the environment, we had better hope those hogs are raised in big, efficient confinement systems. Not surprisingly, plant diversity within oil palm plantations was also impoverished compared with forests due to regular maintenance (e.g., weeding) of oil palm fields (Danielsen et al., 2008; Fitzherbert et al., 2008). But other adverse effects are showing up within agricultural production systems—for example, the rapidly developing resistance among pests is rendering our arsenal of herbicides and insecticides increasingly ineffective. It is characterized by large-scale monoculture, high levels of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, and Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations, or CAFOs. As an adjective industrial is of or relating to industry, notably manufacturing. Industrial agriculture has also impacted human society in a variety of other ways and has had major impacts on the environment, many of which are harmful. The industrialization of agriculture is destroying its natural and human resources. These animals are typically cows, hogs, turkeys, or chickens. swelled the population of towns and cities and increasingly forced agriculture into greater integration with general economic and financial patterns. Organic vs. Industrial Agriculture. Modern industrial agriculture is based on maximizing economic returns through increased crop yields and attempts to minimize risks of crop losses. Integrated pest management programmes that combine a set of measures, including preventive practices, monitoring of pest populations, mechanic and biological control, and responsible insecticide treatment, gain increasing acceptance. The large concentration of animals, animal waste, and dead animals in a small space poses ethical issues. Environmental costs include the degradation of groundwater, surface water, soils, and biologic diversity. It is also a significant sector of the economy that includes a large number of small businesses.The following are common components of the agriculture industry. Gestation crate Residents near such farms report nuisances such as unpleasant smells and flies, as well as adverse health effects. Yes, industrial agriculture may be a source of cheap animal products, but it is obviously detrimental to the ecosystem. Disease agents transmitted by animal vectors (mainly insects) cause altogether more than 1 million human deaths per year (WHO, 2016). Social costs include a growing rural-urban divide, a worldwide obesity epidemic, and antibiotic resistance. The Industrial Revolution after the late 18th cent. If you are unsure, you should try to clarify the local context of the term. shellfish) aquaculture to create balanced systems for environmental sustainability (biomitigation), economic stability (product diversification and risk reduction) and social acceptability (better management practices).[20]. Follow-up studies proved the high persistence of DDT in the environment (reviewed in Woodwell et al., 1971). (2012) proposed an improved management strategy – based on a blending of risk- and resilience-based approaches – for engineered complex systems, which is also suitable for landscapes dominated by wetlands. The CDC has identified a number of pollutants associated with the discharge of animal waste into rivers and lakes, and into the air. Zertuche-Gonzalez, C. Yarish, and C. Neefus, Integrating seaweeds into marine aquaculture systems: a key toward sustainability. Two key features to restore are (1) structural and functional diversity, which in turn enhances the adaptive capacity of a system when confronted with low-probability high-consequence disturbances (e.g., droughts, floods) and (2) adaptive management, in which managers are flexible and able to cope with system diversity (e.g., diverse crops rather than monoculture cropping, with diverse management practices). Agricultural Revolution in England 1500 - 1850. These lagoons can be as large as 7.5 acres (30,000 m²). An analysis of the US food system found that nearly 14% of carbon dioxide emissions were linked to food consumption. You may not consider plants when thinking about extinctions, but it is a very real and urgent concern, with one in eight plants facing extinction. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. Industrial Agriculture . … The impact of industrial agriculture (3) Global food production for crops and livestock has steadily increased over the last 50 years. The next generations of insecticides were intentionally designed to have a lower persistence in the environment, a maximum lethal effect on target species at very low doses but a minimum effect on environmental and human health. Herbicides, insecticides, fertilizers, and animal waste products are accumulating in ground and surface waters. But this success has come with costs that raise questions about the sustainability and the unintended effects of the global “rationalization” of food production. Nevertheless, studies consistently showed a dominance of nonforest invertebrate species in oil palm plantations (Danielsen et al., 2008). Growth hormone U.S. Agriculture in the Twentieth Century. Groups like the Food Trust (Philadelphia, Pa.) have pioneered CSAs and other innovations include local farmers' markets, urban community gardens and farms, schoolyard gardens, and farm-to-school and farm-to-campus programs that provide students with locally grown food while offering local farms a reliable market for their crops. Glare et al., 2016). In Scully, 2002, 29. Furthermore, adopting a nutrient-dense “energy-efficient” diet that included wholesome plant foods dropped energy use as measured in British thermal units (BTUs) by 74% compared to the baseline diet that reflected what the average American eats (Canning et al., 2017). In meat production, methods are also sometimes employed to control undesirable behaviors often related to stresses of being confined in restricted areas with other animals. Industrial Agriculture Law and Legal Definition The industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and crops is called industrial agriculture. These methods are widespread in developed nations and increasingly prevalent worldwide. [7] As of 1997, the world had a stock of 900 million pigs, which Avery predicts will rise to 2.5 billion pigs by 2050. Park et al. They include innovation in agricultural machinery and farming methods, genetic technology, techniques for achieving economies of scale in production, the creation of new markets for consumption, the application of patent protection to genetic information, and global trade. In the absence of these inputs, traditional varieties may outperform HYVs. The agriculture industry involves anything that is grown or raised for human use. Fed aquaculture (e.g. (Blackwell, 1980). Pellerano, in Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition), 2014. The designation "confined animal feeding operation" in the U.S. resulted from that country's 1972 Federal Clean Water Act, which was enacted to protect and restore lakes and rivers to a "fishable, swimmable" quality. Industrial animal agriculture is a tremendous threat to clean air and water and a healthy environment more broadly. Chemicals developed for use in World War II gave rise to synthetic pesticides. [3] In fact, oil palm plantations contain less than half as many vertebrate species as primary forests (Fitzherbert et al., 2008). concluded that industrial agriculture is associated with substantial deterioration of human living conditions in nearby rural communities.[16]. Chemical-industrialized farming isn't feeding the world, and is creating huge ecological/social issues in the process. Art, Music, Literature, Sports and leisure, Previous (Industrial Workers of the World), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Maryland Hog Farm Causes Problems Raised Nationwide. Since cereals that absorbed extra nitrogen would typically lodge, or fall over before harvest, semi-dwarfing genes were bred into their genomes. Industrial agriculture includes techno scientific, economic, and political methods. The birth of industrial agriculture more or less coincides with that of the Industrial Revolution in general. From 1945 onwards, DDT was extensively used by farmers and from 1955, by public health managers in order to control malaria. Agriculture is the science and art of cultivating plants and livestock. Workers may develop acute and chronic lung disease, musculoskeletal injuries, and may catch infections that transmit from animals to human beings. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. Genetically modified food In Scully, 2002, 30. One criticism of HYVs is that they were developed as F1 hybrids, meaning they need to be purchased by a farmer every season rather than saved from previous seasons, thus increasing a farmer’s cost of production. The projects within the Green Revolution spread technologies that had already existed, but had not been widely used outside of industrialized nations. BSE Most commercial agriculture is intensive in one or more ways. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. [2] During the same period, the number of people involved in farming dropped as the process became more automated. Nitrogen compounds from the Midwest, for example, travel down the Mississippi to degrade coastal fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico. tomato fruit borer Helicoverpa armigera, eggplant fruit borer Leucinodes orbonalis, and the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis) or the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella, to avoid economic damage. The Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides (NCAP) opened in Eugene, Oregon in 1977, the National Coalition Against the Misuse of Pesticides (since renamed Beyond Pesticides) formed in Washington, D.C. in 1981 and the Pesticide Action Network North America (PANNA) was organized in San Francisco in 1982 as part of an international network. The unintended consequences of engineering of landscapes are that (1) increased drainage efficiency (due to loss of wetlands and their water retention capacity) leads to flashier flow patterns, increased flood risk, and degradation of aquatic habitats; (2) hydrologic responses of agricultural catchments are dominantly controlled by hydroclimatic forcing because the spatial variations in soil–water deficits (created by evapotranspiration losses) are homogenized by monoculture crops; and (3) long-term, repeated fertilization contributes to the build-up of excess nutrient stores within soils and homogenizes the biogeochemical responses such that nutrient loads exported to receiving water bodies are controlled by discharge patterns. It is not a way of life that gives equal weight to ecological, social, and economic concerns. John Gowdy, Philippe Baveye, in Agroecosystem Diversity, 2019. Carson drew public attention to the detrimental environmental and health effects of DDT, and especially to its transfer within food chains (Carson, 2002, first published in 1962). Dennis Avery, "Big Hog Farms Help the Environment.". The use of antibiotics may create antibiotic-resistant pathogens; parasites, bacteria, and viruses may be spread; ammonia, nitrogen, and phosphorus can reduce oxygen in surface waters and contaminate drinking water; pesticides and hormones may cause hormone-related changes in fish; animal feed and feathers may stunt the growth of desirable plants in surface waters and provide nutrients to disease-causing micro-organisms; trace elements such as arsenic and copper, which are harmful to human health, may contaminate surface waters. Industrial agriculture is an economic bottom-line business. Industrial agriculture is the primary system for food production in the United States. It doubled between 1820 and 1920; between 1920 and 1950; between 1950 and 1965; and again between 1965 and 1975. reduce waste, be natural, be ethical) has led the industry to also provide organic food, minimally processed foods, and minimally packaged foods to maximally satisfy all segments of society thus generating maximum return on investment. Industrial agriculture got an early start in the United States. Matthew Scully. The history of agriculture began thousands of years ago. Risk avoidance and efficiency maximization management strategies may increase the stability and predictability of complex systems, but decreased diversity and adaptive capacity make such engineered systems more vulnerable to unforeseen ‘shocks’ from external drivers. Some microbial isolates showing tolerance against various abiotic stresses are listed in Table 3.1. Insecticides are intensively used to combat insect pests, such as fruit and corn borers (e.g. However, it is not clear that this new technology can substantially reduce industrial agriculture's negative ecological impacts or solve its pressing problems of economic viability. At the core of this debate is a polarization between conventional (industrial) and organic farming practices. P. Montague, M.B. A big component is monocultural growing of the same crop in the same large field. Currently, neonicotinoids are reviewed on ban from the European Union (EU, 2017). Because large numbers of animals are confined in a small space, any disease would spread quickly, and so antibiotics are used preventively. Photosynthetic investment in the stem is reduced dramatically as the shorter plants are inherently more stable mechanically. In the U.S., four companies kill 81 percent of cows, 73 percent of sheep, 57 percent of pigs, and produce 50 percent of chickens, cited as an example of "vertical integration" by the president of the U.S. National Farmers' Union. Microbial isolates listed for abiotic stress tolerance, Ned Mitenius, ... Frank F. Busta, in Food Safety Management, 2014. However, as some of the unintended ill consequences of industrial farming technologies came to light, the principles of ‘organic’ farming became more widely known and practiced. fish, shrimp) is combined with inorganic extractive (e.g. Palmquist et al., 2012) and increasing public awareness, alternative strategies need to be pursued to stop the ever-growing chemical pesticide and fertiliser usage in agriculture. "[7], The British agricultural revolution describes a period of agricultural development in Britain between the 16th century and the mid-19th century, which saw a massive increase in agricultural productivity and net output. Strategies that aim to increase diversity (thus, enhance adaptability) are desirable but may not be sufficient; the Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) can be used to optimize spatial allocation of resources either to achieve maximum conservation benefits for a unit of monetary investment for a given level of uncertainty or to minimize uncertainty given an expected level of conservation benefits (Ando and Mallory 2012). [18], In 24 states in the U.S., isolated cases of groundwater contamination has been linked to CAFOs. HYVs significantly outperform traditional varieties in the presence of adequate irrigation, pesticides, and fertilizers. Industrial agriculture and food systems are largely dependent on fossil fuels for the production of food by way of machinery and mechanization, agrichemicals, transportation, food processing, food packaging, assimilating waste, etc. For the farmers the immediate effect was a spectacular improvement in agricultural production, and the new era was hailed as the "Green Revolution." They may thereby disrupt plant pollination and pose a risk to the sustainability of apiculture and finally agriculture (EFSA, 2012). World hunger has been declining for decades, and food production per capita has increased sharply since the 1960s. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identified certain animal feeding operations, along with many other types of industry, as point source polluters of groundwater. Industrial agriculture originated in the 1960s when petrochemical companies introduced new methods of intense chemical farming. The distinctive characteristics of such farms is the concentration of livestock in a given space. The agriculture industry is the sector of the economy that produces livestock, poultry, fish and crops. Food security means physical and economic access to food that meet people's dietary needs as well as their food preferences. Agricultural Economies of Australia and New Zealand. When hunter-gatherers with growing populations depleted the stocks of game and wild foods across the Near East, they were forced to introduce agriculture. Given the vulnerability of wetlands and the communities that depend on them for survival, landscapes need to be managed from a resilience perspective rather than from an efficiency perspective. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. 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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128110508000273, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128176146000020, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123864543006801, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123847195003579, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128116609000011, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123847034002380, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065280617300085, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128164839000037, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123815040000354, An Evolutionary Perspective on Industrial and Sustainable Agriculture, Pesticide consumption and threats to biodiversity, History of the US Environmental Movement (Revised 10 January 2012), Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition), Biodiversity State and Trends in Southeast Asia, Lian P. Koh, ... Gopalasamy R. Clements, in, Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (Second Edition), The diet, health, and environment trilemma, Vulnerability of Food Resources to Climate, Hemingway and Ranson, 2000; Woodwell et al., 1971, Climate Change and Soil Dynamics: Effects on Soil Microbes and Fertility of Soil, Climate Change and Agricultural Ecosystems, Environmental Assessment and Management in the Food Industry. Pooja Kannojia, ... Kusum Sharma, in Climate Change and Agricultural Ecosystems, 2019. Industrial agriculture, which is typified by the highly productive commer- cial agricultural system in the United States, is important to understand because it produces most of the world’s food and fiber. All About Organics. Individuals and groups have responded to industrial agriculture by using their purchasing power to support sources of locally grown food. A lagoon that burst in 1995 released 25 million gallons of nitrous sludge in North Carolina's New River. Foie gras Industrial agriculture is a form of modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and crops. Donald Kagan, Steven E. Ozment, and Frank M. Turner. In the 1930s, federal farm policies began rewarding farmers who could increase their per-acre crop yield and, to that end, the US Department of Agriculture aggressively promoted the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides, and the development of the rural infrastructure (transportation, communication) needed to support large-scale industrialized farming. For the next 150 years, industrial agriculture would expand dramatically, but so would countercurrents stressing the need to maintain a holistic view of farm ecology – the complex relationships between plants, animals, soils, water, and human communities. An industrial agriculture is not economically sustainable. Industrial agriculture is currently the dominant food production system in the United States. Indeed, thanks to the widespread use of DDT, malaria disease could be successfully eliminated in several regions of the world (at least for few decades, reviewed in Hemingway and Ranson, 2000; Woodwell et al., 1971). The methods of industrial agriculture are technoscientific, economic, and political. Industrial agriculture has had great success in producing abundant, low-cost food. The birth of industrial agriculture more or less coincides with that of the Industrial Revolution in general. ), and various plant-based essential oils; and chemical (often synthetic) insecticides such as chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g. [2] The number of farms has also decreased, and their ownership is more concentrated. Industrial agriculture refers to a process of mechanizing the growing, harvesting, and processing of food. The CDC writes that chemical, bacterial, and viral compounds from animal waste may travel in the soil and water. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article Ethical consumerism Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. Furthermore, insecticides provide a key management tool against anopheline and aedine mosquito disease carriers for malaria and dengue, but also against tsetse flies, fleas, and others (WHO, 2012). This is a vital industry that is important to the food security of every nation and region. As they become more common, so do concerns about air pollution and ground water contamination, and the effects on human health of the pollution and the use of antibiotics and growth hormones. parathion), carbamates, pyrethroids (e.g. This in turn supported unprecedented population growth, freeing up a significant percentage of the workforce, and thereby helped drive the Industrial Revolution. Most pesticides do not reach the target organism but enter the environment where they may cause direct and indirect effects in nontarget species. The spill allegedly killed eight to ten million fish.[19]. Each week during the growing season, each shareholder is entitled to a basket of produce from the CSA farm they support. ), and large large-scale farming. Each of these characteristics of an industrialized agricultural system managed for efficiency have significant implications for sensitive aquatic ecosystems, which are now much more vulnerable to shifts in hydroclimatic forcing. Local organizations such as the Food Project (Lincoln, Mass.) Industrial agriculture is a kind of agriculture using intensively industry. To make it sustainable, ecofriendly approaches, such as no-till, cover cropping, growing more genetically diverse crops, crop rotation, the use of organic fertilizers and integrated pest management strategies are becoming more relied upon. Industrial agriculture uses huge amounts of water, energy, and industrial chemicals; increasing pollution in the arable land, useable water and atmosphere. This includes produce, livestock, flowers, lumber and harvesting plants to sell.The agricultural industry is one of the oldest in the world, dating back thousands of years. IR8, the first widely implemented HYV rice to be developed by IRRI, was created through a cross between an Indonesian variety named “Peta” and a Chinese variety named “Dee Geo Woo Gen.”. Lagoons not protected with an impermeable liner can leak waste into groundwater under some conditions, as can runoff from manure spread back onto fields as fertilizer in the case of an unforeseen heavy rainfall. Agricultural industrialization supported by new technology is important with increasing size of farms driven by consumer needs. Further, industrial agriculture is not some single indivisible thing, but instead is composed of numerous separate elements, each of which can be modified, and in fact is modified in response to market conditions, government regulation, and scientific advances. One of the earliest synthesised insecticides and probably the most famous is DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, synthesis in 1874). Groups such as the National Food Security Coalition (Portland, Ore.) are developing food security coalitions and food policy councils around the country, aiming to make sure everyone has access to reasonably priced local food, particularly in areas considered, ‘food deserts’ where there are few or no grocery stores. DDT, aldrin, chlordane, mirex) under UN's Stockholm convention, which is in force since 2004. Developments in shipping networks and technology have made long-distance distribution of agricultural produce feasible. The term “industrial agriculture” refers to the type of farming which raises and cultivates large numbers of livestock and plants in high-density environments. Industrial Crop Production The US has long embraced industrialized farming methods, but agricultural industrialization as we know it today began in earnest after World War II. It is generally accepted that industrial agriculture that uses large swathes of monocultures, tillage, and injudicious application of inorganic fertilizers is unsustainable. The pollution created by factory farms is damaging the water, air, and land in this country as the demand for meat, dairy, and eggs continues to increase. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates “that a total of 925 million people are undernourished in 2010” with “developing countries account[ing] for 98 percent of the world’s undernourished people.” Many populations (nations, regions or people) have an insufficient supply of food, and they are “Food Insecure.” Populations with sufficient supplies of food have “Food Security.” This problem is projected to increase due to population growth, climate change and related factors (FAO, 2010). Effects in nontarget species and enhance our service and tailor content and...., by public health managers in order to control disease carriers and insect pests such! 3 ] industrial agriculture originated in the field ( Goulson, 2013 Green,! Fall over before harvest, semi-dwarfing genes were bred into their genomes wealth the. Less rich diet than hunter-gatherers enjoyed were linked to food that meet people 's dietary needs well... 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