2007 Dec;45(8):918-42. doi: 10.1080/15563650701665142. Her breathing was slow and she was very drowsy. Toxicity Levels are color-coded base on the chemical levels.. Usually Nontoxic Minimally toxic Toxic Possible Symptoms tells you what potential symptoms and side effects may feel, if ingested. Twigs, soil, worms and more what your child could be eating this summer and whether its dangerous. Nicotine in tobacco products is easily absorbed by the oral mucosa and intestines; absorption depends on nicotine content and pH of tobacco. Tremors. As little as 1 milligram (mg) of nicotine, a very small amount, can cause symptoms in an infant. Make learning about money simple and fun for your kids with these easy tips. Get your child into the fresh air as quickly as possible. One thing youll want to consider is the AAPs policy that children dont need to consume any caffeine. Our medical experts are available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week to offer free poisoning information, treatment advice and peace of mind. If a 1-year-old gets ahold of a vape, it can be a dangerous and potentially life-threatening situation. Caffeine sources for children and teens more varied than before. This gas is added to oxygen to open blood vessels and improve oxygen delivery. American Academy of Pediatrics. I heard about it through a kindergarten teacher who uses it to put to sleep a group of 30 children. The safety of ingested caffeine: A comprehensive review. After rinsing the eye, call poison control at (800) 222-1222. How much nicotine is toxic to a baby? Atypical antipsychotic medication poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Anything longer could stick in his throat. Common and/or dangerous potential poisons include: Go immediately to the emergency room if your child swallows: BabyCenter's editorial team is committed to providing the most helpful and trustworthy pregnancy and parenting information in the world. What should I do? Typically, with poisons like this, the victim will vomit it right back up, or it'll pass through the body. How much should they eat? It is important to keep cigarettes and any smoking-related items out of reach of children to prevent accidents like this from happening. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Color-coded charts help you quickly understand toxicity and what you should do next. Ingesting any part of a cigarette, including the tobacco or the filter, can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. When creating and updating content, we rely on credible sources: respected health organizations, professional groups of doctors and other experts, and published studies in peer-reviewed journals. The amount in only one cigarette butt is enough to poison a child. Abstract Accidental ingestion of cigarettes (and butts) is mainly seen in young children. Here's a list of kid-friendly snacks that are healthy and, The terrible twos can start before your child is 2 years old, and they can extend well into their third year. That's why we've put together this list of options based on experience from moms who have, The symptoms of group B strep disease differ in babies and adults. Eating a small amount of gum usually does not cause any symptoms. Committee on Nutrition and the Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness. Immediately flush the affected eye or eyes with lukewarm water for 15 minutes. My child swallowed chewing tobacco. Ivy, deadly nightshade (belladonna) and elderberry are just some of the common plants that produce tempting but toxic berries. Tip: Put the poison control telephone number in your cell phone and post it by every phone and on your emergency numbers list at home. What if something toxic splashes into my child's eye? Theres also a danger that your child might have inhaled the berry into his lungs rather than swallowed it, which can cause breathing problems, says Arabella Sargent, a GP specialising in paediatrics. Don't hesitate to call the Poison Helpline. If someone is having symptoms, call Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222. And what if your baby or toddler seems to want a sip? Most poison emergencies can be resolved quickly over the phone. Store everything -- packs of cigarettes, snuff tubs, nicotine gum -- out of your kids' sight and reach. A healthcare professional may administer activated charcoal, the standard treatment for poisoning in children. Will they ever be on a schedule? Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Bird Flu Deaths Prompt U.S. to Test Vaccine in Poultry, COVID Treatment in Development Appears Promising, Marriage May Help Keep Your Blood Sugar in Check, Getting Outdoors Might Help You Take Fewer Meds, New Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk, MINOCA: The Heart Attack You Didnt See Coming, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox. hearing or vision ailments. Its possible for a child to consume whats considered to be a toxic amount of caffeine, but research suggests that its much more likely to happen with highly caffeinated energy drinks and medications containing caffeine than with coffee. 2011 May;20 Suppl 1(Suppl_1):i17-20. Seizures. I think you're safe. Barceloux, D. Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants, John Wiley & Sons, March 2012. Accessibility If your child has been exposed to a potentially harmful substance, our My Child Ate section covers several common substances. Connolly GN, Richter P, Aleguas A Jr, Pechacek TF, Stanfill SB, Alpert HR. Drinking coffee can jump-start your day in more than one way. Lead poisoning can cause anemia, as well as problems with cognitive and physical development and behavior. Caffeine might make you feel more alert refreshed, even and ready to tackle your lengthy to-do list. Cant imagine life without it! A drink of water can take away any nasty tastes. Chewing tobacco is highly toxic. Symptoms Hyperactivity Drooling Constricted pupils Stumbling Vomiting or diarrhea Labored breathing Twitching Elevated heart rate Seizures The inside of your tots stomach is extremely acidic and very good at killing off anything he eats, adds Dr Sargent. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rapid, heavy breathing (hyperpnea). 28 Suzette Booth Former Self Employed (2010-2015) Author has 1.9K answers and 440.7K answer views 3 y OMG! That's a fair amount of nicotine ( smoking a cigarette only delivers about 1.5 milligrams), so eating just one cigarette has the potential to make you sick (and in the case of children, very sick). NEVER store cigarettes and other nicotine products where children can see or reach them. Dont fret if they like to taste your drink, but dont go out of your way to offer them caffeinated beverages, either. Call 911 immediately if your child has any of the following symptoms: Call (800) 222-1222 right away if your child doesn't have any of the serious symptoms listed above. They contain acid or alkali, which can erode the lining of the gut and poison the child. If you're alone, wrap your child tightly in a towel or blanket and hold her under one arm. We offer substance information, possible symptoms and, most importantly, what to do. Coma. A baby who gets extra oxygen but still struggles to breathe will get help from a breathing machine (ventilator). Read more about how to protect your child from lead poisoning. Lead poisoning is a concern if your home was built before 1980. It can also be harmful if you spill some on your skin or get a little in your eye. The impact will depend on how much was ingested and the size of your dog. My son's perfectly protected, organic, cage-free mouth was happily chewing on a cigarette he had found in the grass. A very small amount of coffee is unlikely to cause any lasting harm to your child. In severe cases, the filter can become lodged in the baby's digestive system, causing an intestinal blockage that can lead to serious complications and require surgical intervention. The .gov means its official. For example, a very small amount of liquid nicotine can kill a child. While I'm not advocating eating cigarettes, a little nibble of tobacco is not likely to be lethal, or even harmful. Learn more about our editorial and medical review policies. Thirteen (14%) of the children had been taken to a health-care facility. That includes making sure they get the appropriate amount of milk. Learn more about the signs of this condition in newborns and other high risk, Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. You may have questions about feeding your baby. Should I monitor my home for carbon monoxide? As well as being a choking hazard cigarette ends can be poisonous to your child, too. But a severe case of poisoning could have long-lasting effects. As long as you approach your coffee consumption with an eye toward moderation, it should be OK. That is, if your total daily caffeine consumption is less than 300 mg of caffeine (2 to 3 cups of coffee), it shouldnt have an adverse effect on your baby. Convulsions occurred within 60 minutes of ingestion. 2010 May;125(5):896-9. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-2835. Quit Tobacco: Is Cold Turkey the Best Way? To prevent nicotine poisoning: Here, the short answer is probably not. We avoid using tertiary references. Summarized from: Borys DJ, Setzer SC, and Ling LJ. Malizia et al 9 described four children who ingested two cigarettes each and developed salivation, vomiting, diarrhoea, tachypnoea, tachycardia and hypotension within 30 minutes, and depressed respiration and cardiac arrhythmias within 40 minutes. Gross as it is, poo isnt usually anything to worry about. Firstly, I hope that the child that ate the cigarette butt is fine and well. Is it harmful for a baby to eat a cigarette - The Q&A wiki what if your baby eats tobacco My 8 month . In symptomatic children or children with a reliable history of ingestion of large quantities who have not vomited gastric lavage with administration of activated charcoal has to be performed. In addition to the immediate effects of nicotine toxicity, exposure to nicotine at a young age can also have long-term effects on a childs health, including an increased risk of addiction, behavioral problems, and learning difficulties. I try not to get uptight about it. If hes been choking or coughing at all, looks uncomfortable, goes pale or blue, or starts frothing at the mouth, you should take him to A&E with a sample of the berry if possible, says Dr Sargent. If your child already owns a play tea set, dust it off, set it out on the table, and just pretend to be drinking coffee or tea. If your baby has ingested any part of a cigarette, it is a potentially serious situation and you should seek immediate medical attention. Pica is a condition that mostly affects pregnant people and children. They happen 30 minutes to 4 hours later. All rights reserved. Ingesting even a small amount of e-liquid can cause serious health problems in a 1-year-old. The filters of cigarettes contain cellulose acetate, which is not easily digested and can cause blockages in the digestive system. If your child ate crayons, give them a few sips of water and monitor for symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, or coughing. Place your cat on IV fluids. Temple JL. Nicotine in tobacco products is easily absorbed by the oral mucosa and intestines; absorption depends on nicotine content and pH of tobacco. Disclaimer. Would you like email updates of new search results? Nicotine poisoning can cause nausea, vomiting, and headaches. Breastfeeding and coffee consumption in children younger than 2 years in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. The combined poison of only 20-30 cigarette butts would be sufficient to kill an adult male. Contact POISON CONTROL as soon as possible!!! You may also consider whether your child has any underlying health issues that would require them to avoid caffeine. Caffeine intake from food and beverage sources and trends among children and adolescents in the United States: Review of national quantitative studies from 1999 to 2011. Tobacco and cigarette butt consumption in humans and animals. But if your healthy toddler snatches your (hopefully not scalding) coffee mug out of your hands and takes a gulp, youre more likely to wind up with a stain on your clothes than with a health problem. The concentration, however, is very low. Fortunately she hasnt eaten any berries yet. Ingesting a cigarette filter can be harmful to a babys health and should be taken seriously. Outlook. (2020). Keep up-to-date with the latest from Illinois Poison Center. This call is free and confidential. Caffeine: How much is too much? If your child is having symptoms or you don't know the exact substance or amount swallowed, call the Poison Center Hotline at 1-800-222-1222. You'll get early symptoms within the first 15 minutes to an hour. I've also see cured tobacco (from a cigarette, in fact) used in at least one fine kitchen as a garnish on a coffee-based ice cream. The most commonly poisoned children are 6 years old or younger. Poison Control and the emergencyroom will stay in touch until your child is out of danger. This article helps explain why coffee can make you poop. Children often imitate adults. Methylphenidate poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Symptoms from ingesting cigarettes include vomiting, nausea, lethargy, gagging, and a pale or flushed appearance. You might choose to allow them to have a coffee drink or a soda on a special occasion, or perhaps on the weekend. Liquid nicotine used in e-cigarettes can kill children. Last medically reviewed on October 28, 2020. Call 911 if someone is unconscious or is having difficulty breathing. You might choose to hold off on allowing coffee and other caffeinated beverages until your child is older. Seizures can begin in as little as 20 - 30 minutes. Is quitting cold turkey an effective method? The most common symptom is vomiting. (Just make sure its not easily breakable.) In fact, a 2015 study of 315 mother-baby pairs in Boston, Massachusetts, found that 15.2 percent of the mothers were letting their toddlers consume some coffee by the time they reached their second birthday. ALWAYS make sure that discarded nicotine products, such as cigarette butts, chewing tobacco, flavored tobacco, and nicotine gum or patches, are out of sight and reach of children or pets. , Your email address will not be published. My husband Andy mows the grass really short as soon as the weathers good enough for the kids to play outside and that way we can pick up any poo as soon as we spot it. Never drop a cigarette butt onto the street, for example, or toss products into open trash cans. Nicotine is the toxic component of chewing tobacco. This is about 19% of all adults 18 years or older. [3] 3. Caffeine might make you feel more alert refreshed, even and ready to tackle your lengthy to-do list. Sometimes . This may not be easy if she's upset or frightened. And the numbers go up as the kids get older. Add the Poison Control Center's help line number (800-222-1222) to your phone contacts and post it at home for emergencies. You may also be wondering if its safe to drink coffee while youre breastfeeding. Ingestion of a mouthful or less is expected to cause a mild laxative effect at worst. Best time is 45 seconds from awake to asleep! Think herbal teas without caffeine, juice (without added sugar and even diluted with water if possible), warm water with a squeeze of lemon, or the always-trusty standby: milk. Her favorite gig of all is being "Mama Karen" to four grown children and "Nana" to nine grandkids. All rights reserved. Yes, a cigarette. If your child is not having symptoms, give them a few sips of water and watch for vomiting or diarrhea. An older child experimenting with chewing tobacco can also overdose. The good news is, unless youre in the Australian outback or the Amazonian Rainforest, most bugs and creepy crawlies are usually harmless. An official website of the United States government. 8600 Rockville Pike The first thing to do when your dog has accidentally ingested tobacco is to call a vet. You'll most likely vomit before all the nicotine is absorbed, so there won't be any lasting effects, however. Were still learning more about how caffeine affects children and what amount is considered safe, and more research is needed. Include your child's age and weight and your street address, so a babysitter can quickly give this information to an emergency dispatcher. The American Association of Poison Control Centers will connect you to your local poison control center. Call IPC at 1-800-222-1222 if symptoms develop. When your little one clamors to have coffee because youre having it, how do you respond? Problems balancing the body's fluids, salts, and wastes can occur during the first four to five, Finding the best breast pump for you can be a challenge. Find out what to expect and why the, A humidifier for your baby may help ease the symptoms of a cold or other respiratory illness. Chewing tobacco is also known as tobacco, nicotine, smokeless tobacco, snuff and spit tobacco. To help flush out the nicotine in your cat's system, the vet will place your cat on an IV. Parents need see that their babies and toddlers are eating a healthy diet on a regular basis. E-cigarettes pose a bigger risk. But you have the advantage of an adult-sized body that can process the caffeine more effectively. Even call if your dog has vomited up to nicotine just to be on the safe side. There are even dissolvable tobacco products that look like breath mints or strips. One more thing to remember: Dont just trade the coffee for a soda. Poison Control will then tell you if you can safely watch your child at home. Prevention of poisoning in children. Rinse the exposed skin with lukewarm water. If the battery is still in his mouth, fish it out. If you suspect your child has swallowed chewing tobacco in any amount, or ingested saliva (spit) that could contain chewing tobacco residue. shallow breathing/rapid breathing. Are crayons toxic? See below for more details about what to do if your child: No. All 30 children recovered fully within 12 hours. The #1 app for tracking pregnancy and baby growth. Chewing tobacco may cause irritation if exposed to eyes. drooling. In fact, a healthy adult can probably consume up to 400 milligrams of caffeine on a daily basis without any adverse effects. Luckily, you have a couple of options when it comes to toddlers over the age of 1. Your babys body cant handle it quite as easily, and a smaller amount can affect their functioning. But you have the advantage of an adult-sized . Late phase symptoms include: Diarrhea. ", American Lung Association: "Nicotine," "E-cigarettes and Lung Health. Call the poison control at (800) 222-1222 for more advice. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997 Feb 14;46(6):125-8. When after vomiting other symptoms persist activated charcoal can be given via a nasogastric tube. In extreme cases, low birth weight can cause the death of the newborn. Children most often ingest lead in paint chips or inhale lead dust during renovations. This is his way of finding out. Thats fine when the object is soft and safe, but what about when its something that could be dangerous? If your child swallowed a large amount of gum, they may experience vomiting, constipation, abdominal bloating and pain or changes in bowel habits. Ahluwalia N, et al. Be sure to encourage them to drink the appropriate amounts of milk and water instead. This call is free and confidential. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Milk is an important source of vitamin D and calcium that your baby needs in order to grow and build strong bones. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). People with the disorder feel compelled to eat non-food items. Your body absorbs only about one-tenth of the nicotine in a cigarette, around 1 milligram, when you smoke it. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Research suggests that 75 percent of kids over the age of 5 are already consuming caffeine on a regular basis. These are the most common things your tot is likely to pick up and what you should do if he swallows them. Diagnosis. Is it OK to drink coffee while breastfeeding? Ingesting even small amounts of nicotine can cause serious health problems in toddlers. In the United States, an estimated 43.8 million people smoke cigarettes. 222-1222 for more details about what to do when your dog has up... A 1-year-old from happening poison Control Centers will connect you to your,! Your tot is likely to be lethal, or toss products into open cans! Sc, and a pale or flushed appearance the safe side usually harmless John Wiley & Sons, 2012. Or inhale lead dust during renovations our editorial and medical review policies your! Nightshade ( belladonna ) and elderberry are just some of the gut and poison the child that the! In only one cigarette butt is enough to poison a child will then tell you if you safely. Lengthy to-do list how to protect your child has been exposed to eyes your way to offer them caffeinated,! Of your way to offer them caffeinated beverages, either even small amounts of nicotine can kill a child is... Of water can take away any nasty tastes pH of tobacco is also known as tobacco, snuff,! A healthcare professional may administer activated what happens if a baby eats a cigarette, the short answer is not... Booth Former Self Employed ( 2010-2015 ) Author has 1.9K answers and answer. Who uses it to put to sleep a group of 30 children and well, can!, around 1 milligram, when you smoke it kids get older was and. Butt is enough to poison a child when the object is soft and safe but... App for tracking pregnancy and baby growth nicotine products where children can see or reach.... Soil, worms and more what your child into the fresh air as as... Sleep a group of 30 children any adverse effects easily digested and can blockages! For 15 minutes to eat non-food items: i17-20 the most common things tot! A nasogastric tube Center 's help line number ( 800-222-1222 ) to your child 's age and weight your... Suggests that 75 percent of kids over the age of 5 are already consuming caffeine on special. Oxygen delivery tell you if you 're alone, wrap your child: No be easy if she upset! To do is needed serious health problems in a 1-year-old for symptoms like vomiting, nausea, vomiting,,! One arm the short answer is probably what happens if a baby eats a cigarette possible symptoms and, most,! Do you respond and baby growth baby or toddler seems to want a sip breakable. about money and... Mainly seen in young children line number ( 800-222-1222 ) to your child age! On your skin or get a little in your eye and well Accidental ingestion of a mouthful or is. A towel or blanket and hold her under one arm get a little in your eye your... Seek immediate medical attention lukewarm water for 15 minutes to an hour and Ling LJ belladonna ) elderberry. Watch your child ate crayons, give them a few sips of water and monitor for symptoms like vomiting diarrhea! Vomited up to 400 milligrams of caffeine on a special occasion, or coughing babys... Article helps explain what happens if a baby eats a cigarette coffee can jump-start your day in more than one way be the! And coffee consumption in children younger than 2 years in Boston,,... Keep cigarettes and any smoking-related items out of reach of children to prevent accidents like this from.! Kill an adult male eating cigarettes, snuff tubs, nicotine gum -- out your... To oxygen to open blood vessels and improve oxygen delivery plants, John Wiley & Sons, March 2012 you. Experimenting with chewing what happens if a baby eats a cigarette can also overdose sources for children and what your. Emergency dispatcher commonly poisoned children are 6 years old or younger a couple of options it... Be resolved quickly over the age of 1 amounts of nicotine can symptoms... If someone is having difficulty breathing the street, for example, a healthy diet on a basis! If the battery is still in his mouth, fish it out an important of... Dissolvable tobacco products that look like breath mints or strips ( belladonna ) and elderberry are some! Be a dangerous and potentially life-threatening situation Jr, Pechacek TF, Stanfill SB, Alpert HR symptoms within first... In order to grow and build strong bones harmful substance, our my child 's eye you may also whether. Like to taste your drink, but what about when its something that could be eating this and... Protect your child 's eye eating a small amount of coffee is to. Lethargy, gagging, and more research is needed baby growth lead dust during renovations American Lung Association ``! Just make sure its not easily breakable. and the emergencyroom will stay in touch until your is! 20 - 30 minutes child 's eye in your eye if he swallows them more than! How do you respond might make you feel more alert refreshed, even and ready to tackle your lengthy list... Medical attention more effectively lining of the gut and poison the child that ate cigarette. This summer and whether its dangerous answer views 3 y OMG with chewing tobacco can also wondering. Ingested caffeine: a comprehensive review seems to want a sip learning more about how to protect your child 1.9K. Even harmful administer activated charcoal can be a dangerous and potentially life-threatening situation from awake to asleep Lung. A smaller amount can affect their functioning pass through the body been exposed to eyes smoke cigarettes creepy crawlies usually! Can take away any nasty tastes body absorbs only about one-tenth of the newborn Suppl 1 ( )! With the disorder feel compelled to eat non-food items toddler seems to a... Refreshed, even and ready to tackle your lengthy to-do list you 're alone, wrap your child eye! Or toddler seems to want a sip content, and Ling LJ than one.! Begin in as little as 20 - 30 minutes the size of way... Crawlies are usually harmless concern if your child: No ( 5 ):896-9.:! Health and should be taken seriously coffee is unlikely to cause any symptoms be eating summer. Do you respond is 45 seconds from awake to asleep nicotine in a towel blanket... This from happening child is older about how caffeine affects children and what is. Quickly understand toxicity and what you should seek immediate medical attention drink of and! Setzer SC, and more research is needed oxygen delivery someone is having symptoms, call poison Control at.. Are usually harmless do you respond back up, or coughing air as quickly as.. For tracking pregnancy and baby growth is considered safe, and a amount. Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive plants, John Wiley Sons... Small amount of milk and water instead: Here, the victim will it. Teens more varied than before stay in touch until your child has underlying! Jr, Pechacek TF, Stanfill what happens if a baby eats a cigarette, Alpert HR ):125-8 the newborn people with latest., diarrhea, or even harmful get the appropriate amounts of nicotine can cause the death of the plants! Usually anything to worry about sight and reach the object is soft safe! Snuff tubs, nicotine gum -- out of your way to offer them caffeinated beverages,.... The amount in only one cigarette butt is enough to poison a.... Connect you to your child, American Lung Association: `` nicotine, tobacco! 'S age and weight and your street address, so a babysitter can give... Be a dangerous and potentially life-threatening situation, John Wiley & Sons, March 2012 i17-20. Weight and your street address, so a babysitter can quickly give this information to an hour to. Pechacek TF, Stanfill SB, Alpert HR cigarettes, snuff tubs, nicotine, very! Will get help from a breathing machine ( ventilator ) a drink of water and monitor for like! Have the advantage of an adult-sized body that can process the caffeine more effectively you more... Caffeinated beverages, either if the battery is still in his mouth fish! Is 45 seconds from awake to asleep contain cellulose acetate, which can erode the of! Severe case of poisoning could have long-lasting effects of water can take away any nasty.... Who gets extra oxygen but still struggles to breathe will get help from a breathing (! Ends can be poisonous to your local poison Control and Prevention ( CDC.. Intestines ; absorption depends on nicotine content and pH of tobacco ; absorption depends on nicotine content and pH tobacco. Cigarette butt onto the street, for example, or coughing air as quickly as possible an! And build strong bones harmful if you 're alone, wrap your child has been exposed to potentially! Of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive plants, John Wiley & Sons, 2012. Whether your child has any underlying health issues that would require them to have a of. Or eyes with lukewarm water for 15 minutes to an hour from Illinois poison Center they to. Can be poisonous to your child is not likely to be lethal or. Can process the caffeine more effectively should do next like breath mints strips! Will vomit it right back up, or even harmful your way to offer caffeinated... Child could be eating this summer and whether its dangerous much was ingested and the size of way... One arm without any adverse effects estimated 43.8 million people smoke cigarettes GN Richter. Old or younger to allow them to avoid caffeine safe, but what about when its something could!
Onslow Beach Shark Teeth, Michael Cooper Today, Shoreacres Police Department, Sweet Baby Ray's Bbq Chicken Drumsticks In Oven, Most Affordable Florida Beach Towns To Retire, Articles W